object oriented modeling and design james rumbaugh ebook free 24
Object-Oriented Modeling and Design by James Rumbaugh: A Comprehensive Guide
If you are interested in learning how to design and develop software systems using object-oriented methods, you may have heard of a book called Object-Oriented Modeling and Design by James Rumbaugh et al. This book is one of the classic texts on object-oriented modeling and design (OOMD), which introduces a generic way of representing objects and their relationships called Object Modeling Technique (OMT). In this article, we will give you a comprehensive guide on what this book covers, why it is important, and how you can use it to improve your software engineering skills.
Introduction
Before we dive into the details of the book, let us first understand what object-oriented modeling and design (OOMD) is and why it is useful.
What is object-oriented modeling and design (OOMD)?
Object-oriented modeling and design (OOMD) is a software engineering approach that focuses on objects as the primary units of analysis and design. Objects are entities that have attributes (data) and operations (behavior) that define their state and functionality. Objects can also interact with other objects through messages, which are requests for actions or information.
The main goal of OOMD is to identify the relevant objects in a problem domain and model their structure, behavior, and interactions using graphical notations. These models can then be used as blueprints for designing software systems that are more modular, reusable, maintainable, and adaptable.
What are the benefits of OOMD?
OOMD has many benefits over traditional software engineering methods, such as structured or procedural programming. Some of the benefits are:
Abstraction: OOMD allows you to focus on the essential features and ignore the irrelevant details of a problem domain. This makes it easier to understand and communicate the requirements and design of a system.
Encapsulation: OOMD enables you to hide the implementation details of an object from its users and expose only its interface. This reduces the complexity and dependency of a system and enhances its security and reliability.
Inheritance: OOMD allows you to define new classes of objects that inherit the attributes and operations of existing classes. This facilitates code reuse and reduces redundancy.
Polymorphism: OOMD allows you to define different behaviors for the same operation depending on the type of object. This enables dynamic binding and flexibility of a system.
Who is James Rumbaugh and what is his contribution to OOMD?
James Rumbaugh is one of the pioneers and leading experts in OOMD. He has a PhD in computer science from MIT and has worked at IBM, GE, and Rational Software. He is best known for developing the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is a generic way of representing objects and their relationships using graphical notations. He also co-authored the Unified Modeling Language (UML), which is a standard language for OOMD that incorporates OMT and other methods.
James Rumbaugh wrote the book Object-Oriented Modeling and Design in 1991 with Michael Blaha, William Premerlani, Frederick Eddy, and William Lorensen. The book is considered one of the classic texts on OOMD, as it provides a comprehensive and rigorous introduction to OMT and its applications. The book covers topics such as object-oriented concepts and principles, object-oriented analysis and design process, object-oriented implementation and database integration, and object-oriented architectures and patterns.
Object Modeling Technique (OMT)
In this section, we will explain what OMT is and how to use it to model objects and their relationships.
What is OMT and what are its components?
OMT is a graphical notation for depicting object-oriented systems. It consists of three components:
Object model: This component describes the structure of objects in terms of their attributes, operations, and associations. It uses symbols such as rectangles, ovals, lines, etc. to represent classes, objects, attributes, operations, associations, etc.
Dynamic model: This component describes the behavior of objects in terms of their states, events, and actions. It uses symbols such as circles, arrows, bars, etc. to represent states, transitions, events, actions, etc.
Functional model: This component describes the functionality of a system in terms of its data flow and processing. It uses symbols such as circles, arrows, squares, etc. to represent processes, data flows, data stores, external entities, etc.
The three components of OMT are complementary and consistent with each other. They can be used separately or together depending on the level of detail and abstraction required for a system.
How to use OMT to model objects and their relationships?
To use OMT to model objects and their relationships, you need to follow these steps:
Identify the classes and objects: A class is a generalization or abstraction of a set of similar objects that share common attributes and operations. An object is an instance or realization of a class that has specific values for its attributes and can perform specific actions. To identify the classes and objects in a problem domain, you need to look for nouns or noun phrases that represent entities or concepts.
Define the attributes and operations: An attribute is a property or characteristic of an object that describes its state or identity. An operation is a function or method that defines the behavior or functionality of an object. To define the attributes and operations for each class or object, you need to look for adjectives or modifiers that describe the properties or characteristics of an entity or concept, and verbs or verb phrases that describe the actions or functions performed by an entity or concept.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of OMT?
OMT has some advantages and disadvantages over other object-oriented modeling methods. Some of the advantages are:
Simple and intuitive: OMT uses simple and intuitive symbols and diagrams to represent objects and their relationships. This makes it easy to learn and understand for both developers and users.
Generic and flexible: OMT can be applied to any problem domain and any level of abstraction. It can also be extended or modified to suit specific needs or preferences.
Comprehensive and consistent: OMT covers all aspects of a system, from structure to behavior to functionality. It also ensures that the three components of OMT are complementary and consistent with each other.
Some of the disadvantages are:
Lack of standardization: OMT is not a standard language for OOMD, unlike UML. This means that different versions or variations of OMT may exist, which can cause confusion or inconsistency.
Lack of formalism: OMT is not a formal method for OOMD, unlike Z or OCL. This means that OMT does not have a precise syntax or semantics, which can lead to ambiguity or incompleteness.
Lack of automation: OMT does not have a direct mapping to object-oriented programming languages or relational databases, unlike Java or SQL. This means that OMT models have to be manually translated or converted to code or data structures, which can be tedious or error-prone.
Object-Oriented Concepts and Principles
In this section, we will explain what the basic concepts and principles of object-orientation are and how to apply them to OMT models.
What are the basic concepts of object-orientation?
The basic concepts of object-orientation are:
Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of identifying and representing the essential features and ignoring the irrelevant details of a problem domain. Abstraction helps to reduce complexity and increase clarity of a system.
Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the mechanism of hiding the implementation details of an object from its users and exposing only its interface. Encapsulation helps to reduce dependency and enhance security and reliability of a system.
Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism of defining new classes of objects that inherit the attributes and operations of existing classes. Inheritance helps to facilitate code reuse and reduce redundancy of a system.
Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the mechanism of defining different behaviors for the same operation depending on the type of object. Polymorphism helps to enable dynamic binding and flexibility of a system.
What are the principles of good object-oriented design?
The principles of good object-oriented design are:
Cohesion: Cohesion is the degree to which the elements of a class or an object are related to each other. High cohesion means that a class or an object has a single, well-defined purpose or responsibility. Low cohesion means that a class or an object has multiple, unrelated purposes or responsibilities. High cohesion is desirable because it improves readability, maintainability, and testability of a system.
Coupling: Coupling is the degree to which two classes or objects depend on each other. High coupling means that two classes or objects have strong dependencies or interactions with each other. Low coupling means that two classes or objects have weak dependencies or interactions with each other. Low coupling is desirable because it reduces complexity, dependency, and brittleness of a system.
Modularity: Modularity is the property of dividing a system into smaller, independent, and interchangeable units or modules. Modularity helps to increase cohesion, reduce coupling, and enhance reusability and extensibility of a system.
Abstraction: Abstraction is also a principle of good object-oriented design, as it helps to simplify and generalize a system by focusing on the essential features and ignoring the irrelevant details.
How to apply object-oriented concepts and principles to OMT models?
To apply object-oriented concepts and principles to OMT models, you need to follow these guidelines:
Abstraction: To apply abstraction to OMT models, you need to identify the relevant classes and objects in a problem domain and model their attributes, operations, and associations using the object model component. You also need to avoid including unnecessary or irrelevant details in your models, such as implementation-specific or platform-specific information.
Encapsulation: To apply encapsulation to OMT models, you need to hide the internal details of an object from its users and expose only its interface using the object model component. You also need to use access modifiers, such as public, private, or protected, to indicate the visibility or accessibility of an attribute or an operation.
Inheritance: To apply inheritance to OMT models, you need to define new classes of objects that inherit the attributes and operations of existing classes using the object model component. You also need to use symbols, such as triangles or lines, to indicate the inheritance relationship between classes.
Polymorphism: To apply polymorphism to OMT models, you need to define different behaviors for the same operation depending on the type of object using the dynamic model component. You also need to use symbols, such as circles or bars, to indicate the states or actions of an object.
Cohesion: To achieve high cohesion in OMT models, you need to ensure that each class or object has a single, well-defined purpose or responsibility. You also need to avoid having classes or objects that have too many or too few attributes or operations, or that have unrelated attributes or operations.
Coupling: To achieve low coupling in OMT models, you need to ensure that two classes or objects have weak dependencies or interactions with each other. You also need to avoid having classes or objects that have direct access or references to each other's attributes or operations, or that have complex or circular associations.
Modularity: To achieve modularity in OMT models, you need to divide a system into smaller, independent, and interchangeable units or modules. You also need to use symbols, such as rectangles or lines, to indicate the boundaries or connections between modules.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Process
In this section, we will explain what the steps of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) process are and how to use OMT to perform them.
What are the steps of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) process?
The steps of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) process are:
Requirements analysis: This step involves gathering and analyzing the functional and non-functional requirements of a system from various stakeholders, such as users, customers, managers, etc. The output of this step is a document that specifies what the system should do and how it should perform.
System design: This step involves designing the overall architecture and structure of a system based on the requirements analysis. The output of this step is a set of models that describe how the system is organized into modules, how the modules interact with each other, and how the system interacts with external entities.
Object design: This step involves designing the detailed structure and behavior of each module in the system based on the system design. The output of this step is a set of models that describe how each module is composed of classes and objects, how the classes and objects are related to each other, and how the objects respond to events.
Implementation: This step involves translating the object design models into executable code using an object-oriented programming language. The output of this step is a set of source files that contain the code for each class and object in the system.
Testing: This step involves verifying and validating that the system meets the requirements and specifications using various testing techniques. The output of this step is a set of test cases that check the functionality and performance of the system.
Maintenance: This step involves modifying and updating the system based on feedback from users or changes in requirements. The output of this step is a revised version of the system that incorporates new features or fixes bugs.
How to use OMT to perform OOAD tasks?
of how to use different components of OMT for different steps of OOAD process:
Step
Component
Purpose
Requirements analysis
Functional model
To describe the functionality and data flow of a system using processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities.
System design
Object model
To describe the structure and organization of a system using classes, objects, attributes, operations, and associations.
Object design
Object model and dynamic model
To describe the detailed structure and behavior of each module using classes, objects, attributes, operations, associations, states, events, and actions.
Implementation
Object model and dynamic model
To translate the models into executable code using an object-oriented programming language.
Testing
Dynamic model and functional model
To verify and validate the functionality and performance of a system using scenarios, events, actions, data flows, and data stores.
Maintenance
All components
To modify and update the models based on feedback or changes in requirements.
Object-Oriented Implementation and Database Integration
In this section, we will explain how to implement OMT models in object-oriented programming languages and how to integrate OMT models with relational databases.
How to implement OMT models in object-oriented programming languages?
To implement OMT models in object-oriented programming languages, such as C++, Java, Python, etc., you need to follow these steps:
Define the classes and objects: For each class or object in the object model component of OMT, you need to define a corresponding class or object in the programming language. You also need to specify the attributes and operations for each class or object using the appropriate syntax and data types.
Implement the operations: For each operation in the object model component of OMT, you need to implement a corresponding function or method in the programming language. You also need to specify the parameters and return values for each function or method using the appropriate syntax and data types.
Create the associations: For each association in the object model component of OMT, you need to create a corresponding link or reference between two classes or objects in the programming language. You also need to specify the multiplicity and directionality of each association using the appropriate syntax and data structures.
Define the states and events: For each state or event in the dynamic model component of OMT, you need to define a corresponding state or event in the programming language. You also need to specify the conditions and actions for each state or event using the appropriate syntax and logic.
Create the transitions and actions: For each transition or action in the dynamic model component of OMT, you need to create a corresponding transition or action in the programming language. You also need to specify the triggers and effects for each transition or action using the appropriate syntax and logic.
Test and debug the code: After implementing all the models in code, you need to test and debug the code using various testing techniques and tools. You also need to ensure that the code meets the requirements and specifications of a system.
How to integrate OMT models with relational databases?
To integrate OMT models with relational databases, such as SQL, Oracle, MySQL, etc., you need to follow these steps:
the object model component of OMT, you need to create a corresponding table or column in the relational database. You also need to specify the data types and constraints for each table or column using the appropriate syntax and rules.
Create the primary keys and foreign keys: For each class or object in the object model component of OMT, you need to create a corresponding primary key or foreign key in the relational database. A primary key is a c